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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the concept that the natural processes of living organisms can cause them to develop over time. This includes the appearance and growth of new species.

Many examples have been given of this, such as different varieties of stickleback fish that can be found in fresh or salt water and walking stick insect varieties that prefer specific host plants. These mostly reversible traits permutations are not able to explain fundamental changes to the basic body plan.

Evolution by Natural Selection

Scientists have been fascinated by the evolution of all living creatures that live on our planet for centuries. The best-established explanation is Darwin's natural selection process, which occurs when individuals that are better adapted survive and reproduce more successfully than those who are less well adapted. Over time, a community of well adapted individuals grows and eventually forms a whole new species.

Natural selection is an ongoing process that involves the interaction of three factors including inheritance, variation, and reproduction. Variation is caused by mutation and sexual reproduction, both of which increase the genetic diversity within the species. Inheritance refers to the passing of a person's genetic characteristics to the offspring of that person which includes both recessive and dominant alleles. Reproduction is the process of creating viable, fertile offspring. This can be achieved through sexual or asexual methods.

Natural selection only occurs when all of these factors are in harmony. If, for instance the dominant gene allele makes an organism reproduce and last longer than the recessive gene allele, then the dominant allele will become more prevalent in a population. However, if the gene confers a disadvantage in survival or reduces fertility, it will be eliminated from the population. This process is self-reinforcing meaning that an organism with an adaptive characteristic will live and reproduce far more effectively than one with a maladaptive characteristic. The more offspring an organism produces, 에볼루션 바카라사이트 the greater its fitness which is measured by its capacity to reproduce itself and survive. People with good traits, like having a long neck in giraffes, or bright white patterns on male peacocks, are more likely than others to live and reproduce, which will eventually lead to them becoming the majority.

Natural selection only acts on populations, not individuals. This is a crucial distinction from the Lamarckian evolution theory, which states that animals acquire traits either through usage or inaction. For 에볼루션 바카라사이트 example, if a giraffe's neck gets longer through stretching to reach prey and its offspring will inherit a longer neck. The differences in neck size between generations will continue to grow until the giraffe is unable to reproduce with other giraffes.

Evolution through Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when alleles of the same gene are randomly distributed within a population. Eventually, only one will be fixed (become common enough that it can no longer be eliminated through natural selection) and the other alleles drop in frequency. This can result in a dominant allele in extreme. The other alleles have been basically eliminated and heterozygosity has decreased to a minimum. In a small population this could result in the complete elimination of recessive alleles. This scenario is known as a bottleneck effect and it is typical of the kind of evolutionary process that occurs when a large amount of individuals migrate to form a new group.

A phenotypic bottleneck could occur when survivors of a disaster like an epidemic or a mass hunting event, are concentrated within a narrow area. The survivors will share an dominant allele, and will share the same phenotype. This can be caused by war, earthquakes, or even plagues. Whatever the reason the genetically distinct group that remains is prone to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens and Ariew employ Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew use a "purely outcome-oriented" definition of drift as any departure from the expected values for 에볼루션 바카라사이트 different fitness levels. They cite a famous example of twins that are genetically identical and have identical phenotypes but one is struck by lightening and 에볼루션 바카라 무료 (from Gm 6699) dies while the other lives and reproduces.

This type of drift is very important in the evolution of the species. However, it is not the only way to develop. Natural selection is the main alternative, where mutations and migration keep the phenotypic diversity in a population.

Stephens asserts that there is a significant distinction between treating drift as a force, or a cause and 에볼루션 바카라 사이트 슬롯게임 (from Gm 6699) treating other causes of evolution like selection, mutation, and migration as forces or causes. Stephens claims that a causal mechanism account of drift permits us to differentiate it from these other forces, and that this distinction is crucial. He argues further that drift has a direction, i.e., it tends to reduce heterozygosity. It also has a size, which is determined by population size.

Evolution through Lamarckism

When high school students study biology they are often introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829). His theory of evolution, commonly referred to as "Lamarckism, states that simple organisms transform into more complex organisms adopting traits that result from the organism's use and misuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated with an image of a giraffe stretching its neck to reach leaves higher up in the trees. This could cause the necks of giraffes that are longer to be passed on to their offspring who would then grow even taller.

Lamarck the French zoologist, presented a revolutionary concept in his opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged conventional wisdom on organic transformation. According Lamarck, living organisms evolved from inanimate materials through a series gradual steps. Lamarck was not the first to suggest that this might be the case, but he is widely seen as being the one who gave the subject its first broad and comprehensive analysis.

The predominant story is that Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and Lamarckism were rivals during the 19th century. Darwinism ultimately prevailed which led to what biologists call the Modern Synthesis. This theory denies acquired characteristics are passed down from generation to generation and instead argues that organisms evolve through the selective action of environment elements, like Natural Selection.

Lamarck and his contemporaries believed in the idea that acquired characters could be passed on to future generations. However, this notion was never a central part of any of their theories on evolution. This is due to the fact that it was never tested scientifically.

It's been more than 200 years since the birth of Lamarck and in the field of age genomics, there is a growing body of evidence that supports the heritability-acquired characteristics. It is sometimes called "neo-Lamarckism" or more often, epigenetic inheritance. This is a model that is just as valid as the popular neodarwinian model.

Evolution through the process of adaptation

One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is that it is driven by a type of struggle to survive. In fact, this view is a misrepresentation of natural selection and ignores the other forces that are driving evolution. The struggle for existence is better described as a fight to survive in a specific environment. This can be a challenge for not just other living things as well as the physical surroundings themselves.

Understanding how adaptation works is essential to understand evolution. The term "adaptation" refers to any characteristic that allows living organisms to live in its environment and reproduce. It could be a physical structure like feathers or fur. It could also be a trait of behavior, like moving towards shade during hot weather or moving out to avoid the cold at night.

The ability of an organism to draw energy from its environment and interact with other organisms and their physical environment, is crucial to its survival. The organism must have the right genes to produce offspring, and must be able to access sufficient food and other resources. In addition, the organism should be capable of reproducing itself at a high rate within its niche.

These factors, along with mutation and gene flow, lead to changes in the ratio of alleles (different varieties of a particular gene) in the population's gene pool. This shift in the frequency of alleles could lead to the development of new traits, and eventually new species over time.

Many of the characteristics we admire in animals and plants are adaptations, for example, the lungs or gills that extract oxygen from the air, feathers or fur to provide insulation, long legs for running away from predators, and camouflage for hiding. However, a thorough understanding of adaptation requires a keen eye to the distinction between behavioral and physiological traits.

Physical characteristics like large gills and thick fur are physical traits. Behavioral adaptations are not like the tendency of animals to seek companionship or to retreat into the shade in hot weather. Additionally, it is important to remember that a lack of forethought does not mean that something is an adaptation. Failure to consider the implications of a choice, even if it appears to be logical, can cause it to be unadaptive.